Relationship between blood uric acid levels and body composition in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective: To analyze the difference in blood uric acid levels between patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and healthy women of childbearing age, and to investigate the correlation between body composition and blood uric acid levels. Methods: A total of 153 eligible childbearing age patients with PCOS treated at Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from January 2018 to March 2022 were selected, and 153 healthy women with normal menstruation were selected as the control group. Fasting blood uric acid levels were measured by venous blood test, and body composition was measured by a body composition analyzer. Group comparisons were made to analyze the correlation between body composition and blood uric acid levels. Results: The incidence of hyperuricemia was higher in patients with PCOS than that in the control group [30.1% (46/153) vs 2.0% (3/153)], with a statistically significant difference (χ2=44.429, P<0.001). Blood uric acid level was also significantly higher in patients with PCOS than that in the control group [(371±98) vs (265±67) μmol/L; t=11.170, P<0.001]. Among PCOS patients, there were statistically significant differences in weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat mass, skeletal muscle mass, percent body fat, lean body weight, fat mass/lean body weight, percent skeletal muscle, and visceral fat level between the hyperuricemia group and the normal blood uric acid group (all P<0.001), but no significant difference was observed in waist-hip ratio (P=0.348). The following body composition indicators: weight, BMI, waist-hip ratio, body fat mass, skeletal muscle mass, percent body fat, visceral fat level, lean body weight, and fat mass/lean body weight in all subjects, the PCOS patients and the control group, were positively correlated with blood uric acid levels (all P<0.01). The blood uric acid level in PCOS obese patients was higher than that in non-obese PCOS patients, and the difference was statistically significant [(425±83) vs (336±91) μmol/L; t=6.133, P<0.001]. The blood uric acid level in central obesity PCOS patients was also higher than that in non-central obesity PCOS patients [(385±95) vs (299±79) μmol/L], the difference was statistically significant (t=4.261, P<0.001). The blood uric acid level in normal-weight obese PCOS patients was higher than that in normal-weight non-obese PCOS patients [(333±73) vs (277±54) μmol/L], and the difference was statistically significant (t=2.848, P=0.006). Blood uric acid levels in normal-weight [(315±74) vs (255±67) μmol/L], overweight [(362±102) vs (276±57) μmol/L], and obese PCOS patients [(425±83) vs (303±74) μmol/L] were all higher than those in the corresponding control groups, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.001). Conclusions: PCOS patients have a higher incidence of hyperuricemia than healthy women of childbearing age. Blood uric acid levels are closely correlated with body composition indicators, such as weight, BMI, waist-hip ratio, body fat mass, skeletal muscle mass, percent body fat, and visceral fat level. Body composition analysis of women with PCOS could help identify potentially obese people more accurately and carry out individualized treatment, thereby reducing the risk of metabolic abnormalities.

Riscos de infecção por SARS-CoV-2 e COVID-19 em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos / Risks of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 infection in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Esta revisão narrativa teve como objetivo avaliar possíveis riscos da associação entre a infecção por SARS-CoV-2 (causa da COVID-19) e as características metabólicas e endócrinas frequentemente encontradas em mulheres com a síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP). A COVID-19 é mais grave em indivíduos com obesidade, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia e hipertensão arterial. Como essas condições são comorbidades comumente associadas à SOP, foi hipotetizado que mulheres com SOP teriam maior risco de adquirir COVID-19 e desenvolver formas clínicas mais graves da doença. Considerando vários estudos epidemiológicos, a presente revisão mostra que mulheres com SOP têm risco 28% a 50% maior de serem infectadas pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 em todas as idades e que, nessas mulheres, a COVID-19 está associada a maiores taxas de hospitalização, morbidade e mortalidade, especialmente naquelas com alterações no metabolismo de carboidratos e lipídios, hiperandrogenemia e aumento do tecido adiposo visceral. Os mecanismos que explicam o maior risco de infecção por COVID-19 em mulheres com SOP são considerados.(AU)

Aumento do risco cardiovascular em mulheres com síndrome do ovário policístico / Increased cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Objetivo: A síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) é uma alteração endócrina comum em mulheres que estão em fase reprodutiva. Essa patologia pode estar relacionada a fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de complicações cardiometabólicas, o que a torna um tema relevante para discussão, visto sua grande prevalência na população feminina. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura com o objetivo de identificar os fatores de risco associados à SOP e verificar se há maior risco cardiovascular para as mulheres com essa síndrome. Fonte de dados: Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, National Library of Medicine, Scientific Eletronic Library Online e EbscoHost, com os seguintes descritores: "Síndrome do ovário policístico e riscos cardiovasculares"; "Mulheres, policístico e riscos cardiovasculares"; "Ovário policístico e riscos" e "Mulheres, ovários policísticos"; "Polycystic ovary and risks"; "Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular risk" e "Polycystic ovaries and cardiovascular". Seleção de estudos: Foram encontrados 21 artigos, dos quais 15 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão previamente estabelecidos. Foram incluídos os artigos originais e as publicações entre o período de 2014 e 2021 que relacionavam diretamente a síndrome aos riscos cardiovasculares, síndromes metabólicas e alterações lipídicas. Coleta de dados: A estratégia de seleção dos artigos foi realizada mediante busca nas bases de dados selecionadas, leitura dos títulos de todos os artigos encontrados e exclusão daqueles que não abordavam o assunto, leitura crítica dos resumos dos artigos e leitura na íntegra dos artigos selecionados nas etapas anteriores. Síntese de dados: Todos os autores afirmam que a síndrome é um distúrbio ovulatório e metabólico, uma vez que a resistência à insulina e a consequente hiperinsulinemia compensatória podem ser exacerbadas pela coexistência da obesidade, presente em muitas mulheres com SOP. Além disso, foram identificados os fatores de risco tradicionais para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares, e 93,33% dos artigos analisados demonstraram que, entre as mulheres com a síndrome, alguns fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de tais doenças parecem apresentar uma chance maior de estarem presentes. Conclusão: Ao final dessa revisão, foi possível responder à pergunta clínica proposta, pois todos os artigos pesquisados concluíram e trouxeram estudos comprovando que mulheres com a SOP possuem maiores chances de desenvolver algum problema cardiovascular precoce, devido a fatores como o hiperandrogenismo e o aumento da gordura visceral e da resistência insulínica.(AU)

Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome is an endocrine disorder, common in women who are in the reproductive phase. This pathology may be related to risk factors for the development of cardiometabolic complications, which makes it a relevant topic for discussion, given its high prevalence in the female population. This is an integrative literature review with the aim of identifying the risk factors associated with polycystic ovary syndrome and verifying whether there is a higher cardiovascular risk for women with this syndrome. Data source: A search was performed in the Virtual Health Library databases; National Library of Medicine; Scientific Electronic Library Online and EbscoHost, with the following descriptors: "Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular risks"; "Women, polycystic and cardiovascular risks"; "Polycystic ovaries and risks" and "Women, polycystic ovaries"; "Polycystic ovary and risks"; "Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular risk" and "Polycystic ovaries and cardiovascular". Study selection: Twenty-one articles were found, of which 15 met the previously established inclusion criteria. Original articles and publications between the period 2014 and 2021 that directly related the syndrome to cardiovascular risks, metabolic syndromes and lipid disorders were included. Data collect: The article selection strategy was performed by searching the selected databases; reading the titles of all articles found and excluding those that did not address the subject; critical reading of the abstracts of the articles and full reading of the articles selected in the previous steps. Data synthesis: All authors state that the Syndrome is an ovulatory and metabolic disorder, since insulin resistance and consequent compensatory hyperinsulinemia can be exacerbated by the coexistence of obesity, present in many women with polycystic ovary syndrome. In addition, traditional risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases were identified, with 93.33% of the articles analyzed showing that, among women with the syndrome, some risk factors for the development of such diseases seem to have a chance greater than being present. Conclusion: At the end of this review, it was possible to answer the proposed clinical question, as all the researched articles concluded and brought studies proving that women with polycystic ovary syndrome are more likely to develop an early cardiovascular problem, due to factors such as hyperandrogenism, the increase in visceral fat and insulin resistance.(AU)

Association of Overweight and Consistent Anovulation among Infertile Women with Regular Menstrual Cycle: A Case-control Study / Associação entre sobrepeso e anovulação consistente em mulheres inférteis com ciclo menstrual regular: Um estudo de caso-controle

Abstract Objective It has been suggested that excess body weight could represent a risk factor for infertility outcomes. The present study aimed to evaluate the association of overweight and anovulation among infertile women with regular menstrual cycles. Methods We conducted a retrospective case-control study with consistently anovulatory patients undergoing assisted reproduction treatment. The patients were stratified into normal weight (body mass index [BMI]: 18.5-24.9kg/m2) and overweight (BMI: 25.0- 29.9kg/m2).Those with polycystic ovary syndrome or obesity were excluded. The groups were matched for age, duration of infertility, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thydroid stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol levels. Results Overweight was significantly associated with anovulation, when using the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for anovulation: progesterone levels>5.65 ng/ml and ultrasonography evidence of follicle collapse (odds ratio [OR]: 2.69; 95% confidence interval [CI95%]: 1.04-6.98). Conclusion Body mass index above the normal range jeopardizes ovulation among non-obese infertile women with regular menstrual cycles.

Resumo Objetivo O excesso de peso corporal tem sido associado como fator de risco para infertilidade. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associação de sobrepeso e anovulação entre mulheres inférteis com ciclos menstruais regulares. Métodos Realizamos um estudo retrospectivo de caso-controle com mulheres com anovulação consistente em tratamento por reprodução assistida. As pacientes foram estratificadas entre aquelas com peso normal (índice de massa corporal [IMC]: 18,5- 24,9 Kg/m2) e as com sobrepeso (IMC: 25,0-29,9 Kg/m2). As pacientes com síndrome do ovário policístico ou obesidade foram excluídas. Os grupos foram pareados por idade, duração da infertilidade, níveis de prolactina, hormônio folículo-estimulante (FSH), hormônio tiroestimulante (TSH), hormônio luteinizante (LH) e estradiol. Resultados O excesso de peso associou-se significativamente à anovulaçãoquando usados os critérios de anovulação da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS): níveis de progesterona>5,65 ng/ml e evidência ultrassonográfica de colapso folicular (razão de chances [RC]: 2,69; IC95%: 1,04-6,98). Conclusão O IMC acima da faixa normal compromete a ovulação em mulheres inférteis não obesas com ciclos menstruais regulares.

Galanin and glypican-4 levels depending on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

ABSTRACT Objective: Galanin is a neuropeptide which has effects not only on metabolic syndrome but also on reproduction. Glypican-4 is an adipokine associated with insulin sensitivity by interacting directly with the insulin receptor. This study evaluated serum concentrations of galanin and glypican-4 in relation with the hormonal profile as well as metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Subjects and methods: A total of 44 women with PCOS and 44 age-matched controls were eligible. Hirsutism scores, hormonal profile, metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors as well as galanin and glypican-4 levels were evaluated in each subject. Results: Women with PCOS exhibited lower levels of galanin (20.2 pg/mL versus 26.4 pg/mL, p = 0.002) and higher concentrations of glypican-4 (3.1 ng/mL versus 2.6 ng/mL, p < 0.001) than controls. Both adipokines were correlated positively with body mass index (BMI), insulin, triglyceride and Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) index; glypican-4 also showed positive correlations with fasting blood glucose, free testosterone, modified Ferriman-Gallwey scores (p < 0.05). Multiple Linear Regression analyses showed that PCOS and BMI were the best predictors affecting galanin levels with a decreasing and increasing effect respectively; however BMI was the best predictor affecting glypican-4 levels with an increasing effect (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Galanin levels were lower and glypican-4 levels were higher in women with PCOS than controls. Further studies are needed to determine whether these adipokines could be used as additional markers for insulin sensitivity and lipid profile and whether they might play a role in the pathogenesis of PCOS, in which metabolic cardiovascular risks are increased.

Aumento da Rigidez Arterial Pulmonar e Comprometimento do Acoplamento Ventrículo Direito-Artéria Pulmonar na SOP / Increased Pulmonary Arterial Stiffness and Impaired Right Ventricle-Pulmonary Artery Coupling In PCOS

Resumo Fundamento: A síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) é a doença endócrino-metabólica mais comum em mulheres em idade reprodutiva, e ocorre em uma a cada 10 mulheres. A doença inclui irregularidade menstrual e excesso de hormônios masculinos e é a causa mais comum de infertilidade em mulheres. A dispneia é um sintoma frequente e muitas vezes acredita-se que seja decorrente da obesidade, mas não se sabe se é decorrente de disfunção cardíaca. Objetivo: Avaliar o acoplamento ventrículo-arterial (VDAP) e a rigidez arterial pulmonar em pacientes com SOP. Métodos: Foram incluídos 44 pacientes com SOP e 60 controles; amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas para exames laboratoriais e ecocardiograma transtorácico 2-D, Modo-M e com Doppler tecidual foram realizados em todos os participantes. Um valor de p<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Quando comparadas ao grupo controle, as pacientes com SOP apresentaram valores maiores de rigidez da artéria pulmonar (p = 0,001), que se correlacionaram positivamente com o índice HOMA-IR (r = 0,545 e p <0,001). O acoplamento VDAP também estava comprometido em 34% dos pacientes do estudo. Conclusão: A rigidez da artéria pulmonar está aumentada e o acoplamento VDAP está comprometido em pacientes com SOP. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(4):806-811)

Abstract Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine-metabolic disease in women in reproductive age, and occurs in one of 10 women. The disease includes menstrual irregularity and excess of male hormones and is the most common cause of female infertility. Dyspnea is a frequent symptom and is often thought to be due to obesity, and whether it is due to cardiac dysfunction is unknown. Objective: To evaluate right ventricle-pulmonary artery (RV-PA) coupling and pulmonary arterial stiffness in patients with PCOS. Methods: 44 PCOS patients and 60 controls were included; venous blood samples were taken for laboratory tests and 2-D, m-mode and tissue doppler transthoracic echocardiography were performed for all the participants. P<0,05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: When compared to the control group, PCOS patients had higher pulmonary artery stiffness values (p=0,001), which were positively correlated with HOMA-IR (r=0,545 and p<0,001). RV-PA coupling was also impaired in 34% of the study patients. Conclusion: Pulmonary artery stiffness is increased and RV-PA coupling is impaired in patients with PCOS. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(4):806-811)

Síndrome de ovario poliquístico e infertilidad / Polycystic ovary syndrome and infertility

Una de las manifestaciones del síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP) es la infertilidad, y hoy es la primera causa de infertilidad por anovulación, representando aproximadamente el 80% de los casos. Las alteraciones del SOP en su mayoría son tratables y el diagnóstico temprano de las pacientes mejora su pronóstico reproductivo. Pese a su alta incidencia e importancia, los mecanismos fisiopatológicos del SOP aún son relativamente desconocidos. Recientemente se han publicado recomendaciones internacionales basadas en evidencia para su tratamiento.

Infertility is one of the main manifestations of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and to day PCOS is the main cause of anovulatory infertility accounting for 80% of the cases. The majority of PCOS causes of infertility are treatable, and early diagnosis improves the patient's fertility outcome. In spite of its incidence and importance, the physiopathological mechanisms of PCOS are still relatively unknown. Recently an international evidence base recommendation for treatment have been published.

Kymographic characteristics of voice in women with Polycystic ovary syndrome

ABSTRACT Purpose Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is heterogenous condition with commonly associated symptoms include irregular menstrual cycle, hirsutism, baldness, adult acne, and weight gain There have been few attempts at profiling the voice characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Videokymography enables to detect even subtle variations in vocal fold vibrations. The aim of the present study was to study the videokymographic characteristics among women with PCOS. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out among 50 women with and without PCOS diagnosed on ultrasonography. Videokymography was carried out and the characteristics were perceptually analyzed using a vocal fold kymographic rating scale. The analysis of the kymogram was done for the following characteristics; presence of vocal fold vibration,interference of surroundings, Cycle to cycle variability, left-right asymmetry,cycle aberrations and shape of lateral peaks. The kymographic images were obtained for all the participants of both the groups and a subjective consensus evaluation was done by two clinicians. The percentage of participants with the listed kymographic characteristics were tabulated. Chi Square test was also done to decide if there was a significant difference between the two groups for different kymographic features of vocal fold vibration. Results Six of the 25 women with PCOS were found to have abnormal kymographic features such as surrounding structural interference, presence of cycle to cycle variability and the shape of lateral peaks. Conclusion Early detection of the vocal abnormalities in individuals with PCOS would help in the vocal rehabilitation especially for professional voice users.

Complicações gestacionais e perinatais em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos / Gestational and perinatal complications in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

A síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) é uma condição endócrina frequente em mulheres em idade reprodutiva. O quadro clínico é manifesto por anovulação crônica hiperandrogênica, acompanhada muitas vezes de infertilidade; além disso, essa condição está associada ao aumento de distúrbios do metabolismo glicídico e a diversos outros riscos em longo prazo. Uma vez gestante, a mulher portadora de SOP apresenta risco aumentado em 2,8 vezes para o diabetes gestacional, em 2,0 a 4,0 vezes para o desenvolvimento de síndromes hipertensivas da gestação e em 2,3 vezes para internação em UTI neonatal. Independentemente do excesso de peso, que é comumente associado à síndrome e que certamente potencializa o risco de complicações, a SOP por si só promove alterações que cursam com a elevação dessas complicações. Esta é uma revisão narrativa sobre as potenciais complicações gestacionais relacionadas à SOP e compila a literatura mais atual sobre o tema.(AU)

Pelvic floor parameters in women with gynecological endocrinopathies: a systematic review

SUMMARY There is no pooled information about pelvic floor parameters (muscle assessment, disorders) of women with gynecologicaL endocrinopathies (eg. polycystic ovary syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, premature ovarian insufficiency). Given that, a systematic review was performed on the Pubmed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Scielo and PEDro databases regarding the main gynecological endocrinopathies [polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and hyperprolactinemia (HPL)] since their inception to April 2020. Data quality assessment was made by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) adapted for cross-sectional studies. A total of 4,272 results were retrieved from all databases. After excluding duplicate results and screening by title and abstract, nine studies were selected for quantitative analysis. Seven studies were performed with women with PCOS and two studies with POI. Women with PCOS presented a higher prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) among obese women, a higher thickness of the levator ani muscle, and higher levels of muscle activity measured by surface electromyograph when compared to the control women. Regarding POI, there was no association with UI, FI, and POP. NOS found that the quality assessment for these selected studies ranged from 5 to 8. We concluded that higher pelvic muscle activity and volume were found in women with PCOS, with further studies needed to confirm this data. Literature was scant about POI, CAH, and HPL.

RESUMO Existe informação não organizada sobre a avaliação do assoalho pélvico de mulheres com endocrinopatias ginecológicas (ex. síndrome dos ovários policísticos - SOP, hiperplasia adrenal congênita - HAC, insuficiência ovariana prematura - IOP). Dessa forma, objetivamos realizar uma revisão sistemática foi realizada nas bases Pubmed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Scielo e PEDro sobre as endocrinopatias ginecológicas (SOP, HAC, IOP e hiperprolactinemia (HPL) desde a origem a abril de 2020. A avaliação da qualidade de dados foi real-izada pela escala de Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) adaptada para estudos transversais. De 4,272 resultados encontrados em todas as databases, após exclusão por duplicatas, triando por título e resumos, nove estudos foram selecionados para análise quantitativa. Sete estudos foram realizados para mulheres com SOP e dois estudos com IOP. Em suma, mulheres com SOP apresentados uma alta prevalência de incontinência urinária (IU) em mulheres obesas, alta espessura do músculo elevador do ânus, altos níveis de atividade muscular aferida por eletromiografia de superfície quando comparadas com mulheres do grupo controle. Sobre a IOP, esta não foi associada com IU, IF e POP. A escala NOS evidenciou que a qualidade dos estudos selecionados variou de 5 a 8. Concluímos que uma alta atividade e volume muscular foi encontrada em mulheres com SOP, com estudos posteriores sendo necessários para confirmar estes achados. Literatura foi escassa para IOP, HAC e HPL.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: associated factors and noninvasive fibrosis staging in a single Brazilian center

ABSTRACT Objective Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a recognized risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with NAFLD in women with PCOS and evaluate noninvasive indices of hepatic fibrosis in patients with PCOS and NAFLD. Subjects and methods Patients with PCOS (n = 87) and women without PCOS (n = 40; controls) were included. NAFLD was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography after exclusion of alcohol consumption and viral or autoimmune liver disease. Anthropometric, clinical and metabolic variables, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, lipid accumulation product (LAP), FIB-4 index, NAFLD score, and transient elastography (TE; FibroScan) were obtained in subsets of patients with PCOS and NAFLD. Results A total of 87 patients with PCOS were included (mean age: 34.4 ± 5.7 years, mean body mass index [BMI]: 34.7 ± 4.7 kg/m 2 ). NAFLD was present in 67 (77.0%) patients with PCOS versus 21 of 40 (52.5%) controls (p = 0.005). Women with PCOS and liver steatosis, compared with their NAFLD-free counterparts, had higher values of BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, total cholesterol, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, and γ-glutamyltransferase, along with higher frequencies of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance. NAFLD was independently associated with waist circumference, serum triglycerides, and alanine aminotransferase levels. The FIB-4 index was not compatible with advanced fibrosis in any of the evaluated patients, while NAFLD score and TE were compatible with advanced liver fibrosis in 1 of 26 (3.8%) and 3 of 25 (12%) patients, respectively. Conclusion Women with PCOS had a high risk of NAFLD, and a combination of both was associated with central obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Noninvasive methods suggested low rates of severe hepatic fibrosis in Brazilian women with PCOS. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(3):235-42

Increased sympathetic cardiac autonomic modulation after two consecutive tilt tests in women with polycystic ovary syndrome / Aumento da modulação autonômica cardíaca simpática após dois testes de inclinação consecutivos em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos

Abstract Objective The present study aimed to analyze cardiac autonomic modulation via spectral and symbolic analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who were subjected to two consecutive tilt tests. Methods A total of 64 women were selected and divided into 2 groups: control (without PCOS), and PCOS. Concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, estradiol, homocysteine, sex hormone-binding globulin, thyroid stimulating hormone, fasting insulin, testosterone, androstenedione, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels, triglycerides, free androgen index (FAI), and homeostasis assessment model (HOMA-IR) were assessed. Cardiac autonomic modulation was evaluated by spectral and symbolic analyses during two consecutive tilt tests (two moments) and supine moments before, between and after (three moments) the tilt tests. Results Women with PCOS had higher fasting insulin, HOMA-IR indexes, testosterone and FAI. Additionally, we observed that the PCOS group had greater sympathetic autonomic cardiac modulation in supine 2, tilt 1, and supine 3 moments compared with controls. Conclusion Women with PCOS had higher autonomic sympathetic cardiac modulation even after a second tilt test. No adaptation to this provocative test was observed. Spectral analysis was more sensitive for identifying differences between groups than the symbolic analysis.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a modulação autonômica cardíaca por análise espectral e simbólica da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) que foram submetidas a dois testes consecutivos de inclinação. Métodos Um total de 64 mulheres foram selecionadas e divididas em 2 grupos: controle (sem SOP) e SOP. Concentrações de hormônio folículo-estimulante, hormônio luteinizante, prolactina, estradiol, homocisteína, globulina de ligação a hormônios sexuais, hormônio estimulante da tireóide, insulina em jejum, testosterona e androstenediona e níveis de 17-hidroxiprogesterona, triglicerídeos, índice de andrógeno livre (FAI) e homeostase modelo de avaliação (HOMA-IR) foram avaliados. A modulação autonômica cardíaca foi avaliada por análises espectrais e simbólicas durante dois testes de inclinação consecutivos (dois momentos) e momentos supinos antes, entre e após (três momentos) os testes de inclinação. Resultados Mulheres com SOP apresentaram insulina em jejuM, índices HOMA-IR, testosterona e FAI mais altos. Além disso, observamos que o grupo PCOS apresentou maior modulação cardíaca autonômica simpática nos momentos supino 2, inclinado 1 e supino 3 em comparação aos controles. Conclusão Mulheres com SOP apresentaram modulação cardíaca simpática autonômica mais alta mesmo após um segundo teste de inclinação. Nenhuma adaptação a esse teste provocativo foi observada. A análise espectral foi mais sensível para identificar diferenças entre os grupos do que a análise simbólica.

Síndrome dos ovários policísticos: particularidades no manejo da infertilidade / Polycystic ovary syndrome: particularities in the management of infertility

A síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) é responsável por cerca de 80% dos casos de infertilidade anovulatória. Não há na literatura evidências suficientes para a definição do tratamento ideal da infertilidade na SOP, mas repete-se que deve ser iniciado por mudanças no estilo de vida, e frequentemente envolve a indução farmacológica da ovulação e, em casos selecionados, as técnicas de reprodução assistida e o drilling ovariano laparoscópico. Este texto pretende reunir informações atuais sobre o manejo da infertilidade em mulheres com SOP e, dessa forma, permitir ao ginecologista a escolha da melhor abordagem, de forma Individualizada e baseada nas melhores evidências disponíveis.(AU)

Síndrome de ovarios poliquísticos. Entidad que demanda diagnóstico temprano / Polycystic ovary syndrome, an entity demanding an early diagnosis

RESUMEN El síndrome de ovario poliquístico se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública, siendo el más común de los desórdenes endocrinos en mujeres en edad reproductiva con estudios que reportan una prevalencia de hasta un 21%. El diagnóstico de esta entidad es importante debido a que representa riesgos metabólicos, cardiovasculares y afecta la capacidad reproductiva de estas pacientes. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de los principales artículos relacionados sobre el tema, resumiendo los aspectos fundamentales de este problema de salud.

ABSTRACT Polycystic ovary syndrome has become a public health problem, being the most common of the endocrine disorders in reproductive-age women, with studies reporting prevalence by 21 %. The diagnosis of this entity is important because it represents metabolic and cardiovascular risk, and affects the reproductive capacity of these patients. The authors carried out bibliographic review of the main articles related with the theme, summarizing the basic aspects of this health problem.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the different phenotypes of polycystic ovarian syndrome / A prevalência da síndrome metabólica nos diferentes fenótipos da síndrome do ovário policístico

Abstract Objective To evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the phenotypes of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Methods This was a cross-sectional study involving 111 women aged between 18 and 39 years old diagnosed with PCOS, according to the Rotterdam Criteria, and grouped into four phenotypes: A: ovulatory dysfunction + hyperandrogenism + polycystic ovaries; B: ovulatory dysfunction + hyperandrogenism; C: hyperandrogenism + polycystic ovaries; D: ovulatory dysfunction + polycystic ovaries. To evaluate the presence of MetS, wemeasured serum triglyceride levels, HDL cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, and waist circumference. Results The prevalence of MetS found in this sample was 33.6%, and there was no statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) among the 4 phenotypes. However, phenotype D presented a significantly higher mean glucose level after fasting (93.6 mg/dL) and 2 hours after ingesting a solution with 75 g of anhydrous glucose (120 mg/dL), as well as the lowest mean level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (44.7 mg/dL). The women in this group demonstrated a high prevalence of abdominal circumference ≥ 80 cm (68.2%), as well as the highest mean abdominal circumference (90.1 cm). Amongst the women with an abdominal circumference ≥ 80 cm, phenotype A increased approximately six-fold the chance of developing metabolic syndrome in relation to phenotype C. Conclusion The four phenotypes of PCOS demonstrated similar prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome; abdominal obesity presented a relevant role in the development of metabolic alterations, regardless of the phenotype.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a prevalência da síndromemetabólica nos fenótipos da síndrome do ovário policístico. Métodos Trata-se deum estudo transversal envolvendo 111 mulheres comidade entre 18 e39 anos com diagnóstico de síndrome do ovário policístico, segundo os critérios de Roterdã, e agrupadas em quatro fenótipos: A: Disfunção ovulatória + hiperandrogenismo + ovários policísticos;B: disfunçãoovulatória + hiperandrogenismo; C: hiperandrogenismo + ovários policísticos; D: disfunção ovulatória + ovários policísticos. Para avaliar a presença de síndrome metabólica, foram medidos os níveis séricos de triglicérides, colesterol HDL e glicemia de jejum, pressão arterial e circunferência da cintura. Resultados A prevalência de síndrome metabólica encontrada nesta amostra foi de 33,6%, e não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,05) entre os quatro fenótipos. Entretanto, o fenótipo D apresentou um nível médio de glicose significativamente mais alto após o jejum (93,6 mg/dL) e duas horas após a ingestão de uma solução com 75g de glicose anidra (120 mg/dL), bem como o menor nível médio de colesterol HDL (44,7 mg/dl). As mulheres deste grupo demonstraram alta prevalência de circunferência abdominal ≥ 80 cm (68,2%), bem como a maior média de circunferência abdominal (90,1 cm). Entre as mulheres com circunferência abdominal ≥ 80 cm, o fenótipo A aumentou em aproximadamente 6 vezes a chance de desenvolver síndrome metabólica em relação ao fenótipo C. Conclusão Os quatro fenótipos da síndrome do ovário policístico demonstraram taxas semelhantes de prevalência de síndrome metabólica; a obesidade abdominal apresentou papel relevante no desenvolvimento de alterações metabólicas, independentemente do fenótipo.

Endothelial dysfunction and pulse wave reflection in women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome / Disfunção endotelial e reflexão de ondas de pulso em mulheres com Síndrome do Ovário Policístico

Background: Patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) have an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome and traditional atherosclerotic risk factors, such as dyslipidemia, diabetes and hypertension. Endothelial function and vascular stiffness are surrogate markers of early atherosclerosis, able to predict cardiovascular events. Objective: To compare endothelial function and pulse wave reflection between women with PCOS and healthy controls. Methods: Observational and cross-sectional study that included women with PCOS, age between 18 and 40 years-old and body mass index between 25.0 and 35.0 kg/m2, and healthy controls. Rotterdan criteria was used to diagnose PCOS. Subjects underwent clinical and anthropometric evaluation, laboratory and hormonal assays and imaging tests to measure pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx) and brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed normal distribution of most parameters. Unpaired Student t-test was used with significance level established at p < 0.05.Results: A total of 52 patients were included, 29 (56%) in PCOS group and 23 (44%) in control group. Clinical and laboratory parameters were similar between the groups. Women with PCOS had lower FMD (8.8 ± 1.0 vs 12.8 ± 1.2%, p = 0.021); PWV and AIx were similar between the groups (7.5 ± 0.2 vs 7.5 ± 0.3 m/s, p = 0.671 and 21.0 ± 1 vs. 20 ± 2%, p = 0.716, respectively). In the PCOS group, women with higher testosterone levels had higher AIx (25 ± 2 vs. 17 ± 3%, p = 0.045). Conclusions: PCOS women had endothelial dysfunction and those with higher testosterone levels had higher pulse wave reflection as compared with controls

Vitamina D e resistência insulínica em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos: uma revisão / Vitamin D and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a review

Mulheres que sofrem de síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) estão suscetíveis a diversos tipos de distúrbios metabólicos, em particular, a resistência à insulina (RI), e o status da vitamina D pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento desse quadro. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática abordando a associação entre os níveis de vitamina D e RI nas mulheres com SOP. Após a localização de 105 artigos sobre o tema, publicados entre os anos de 2008 e 2018, 17 foram selecionados pelos critérios de inclusão, nos quais se analisou o número de pacientes de cada estudo, o método de verificação dos níveis de vitamina D (por comparação ou suplementação) e os valores do HOMA-IR. Concluiu-se que a associação entre vitamina D e RI na SOP ainda é controversa; contudo, a suplementação com vitamina D apresentou efeitos benéficos, diminuindo ou estabilizando distúrbios metabólicos.(AU)

Women suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are susceptible to various types of metabolic disorders, in particular, insulin resistance (IR), and vitamin D status may contribute to the development of this condition. Thus, the aim of this study was to perform a systematic review addressing the association between vitamin D and RI levels in women with PCOS. After the publication of 105 articles on the subject, published between 2008 and 2018, 17 were selected by the inclusion criteria - in which the number of patients in each study was analyzed, the method of checking vitamin D levels comparison or supplementation) and HOMA-IR values. It was concluded that the association between vitamin D and IR in PCOS is still controversial; however, vitamin D supplementation showed beneficial effects, decreasing or stabilizing metabolic disorders.(AU)